What is a Herbarium?
The term ‘herbarium’ applies to a collection of pressed and/or dried plant specimens. Collections are built up over many years as collectors document the diversity and distribution of plants all over the earth. The Massey Herbarium is one of thousands of such collections around the globe. Once dried, specimens will last hundreds of years provided they are mounted or stored using archival materials and protected from insects, light, and mold. A label is affixed to each specimen to provide the taxonomic, ecological, and distributional information that ultimately determines its usefulness and value as a scientific specimen. By systematically organizing the collection, it essentially becomes a library of actual plant material. Traditionally, herbaria have been used primarily in studies of plant classification. Over time, a wealth of information on phenology, plant geography, ecology, and other fields has accumulated vastly increasing the importance of these collections to the scientific community and to resource managers or all sorts.
Vascular Plants– The vascular plant collection numbers 103,000 accessioned specimens from all parts of North America, but specializing in Virginia and the central Appalachian and mid-Atlantic regions. VPI (the official acronym of the Massey Herbarium) has been a primary repository for botanical studies and continues to add about 1000 specimens per year. Specimens have been acquired through individual collecting, trade, and gifts. These specimens document numerous botanical studies and chronicle the development of botanical knowledge in the Commonwealth over the past 100 years. Special holdings include many of the collections of M. L. Fernald whose fieldwork in the 1930-40s in southeastern Virginia provided much of the information for his revision of Gray’s Manual of Botany. A gift of the J.E. Benedict, Jr., personal herbarium in the 1960s includes an extensive collection of both New and Old World ferns as well as several thousand collections from the eastern United States particularly rich in ferns, grasses, sedges, and rushes. Other historically important collections are those Henry Ravenel, C.G. Pringle, and Dr. Lewis Sherman. More recently, numerous specimens have been acquired from of A.B. Massey, J.B. Lewis, F.W. Hunnewell, R. Kral, M.L. Smyth, L.J. Uttal, C.E. Stevens, G.P. Fleming, J.F. Townsend, and T.F. Wieboldt. Since Fall 2005, the herbarium has used Specify, a biological collections database application, for all new vascular plant accessions and new loans. About 5000 records have been entered. An additional 5000 records are maintained in an older Microsoft Access database.
Fungi– The mycological collections at Virginia Tech include primarily Basidiomycetes with emphases on the Agaricales, Boletales, Gasteromycetes, and the Aphyllophorales. In addition, a small Ascomycete collection with emphasis on Discomycetes is present. The collection has been a pivotal part of the program of teaching and research in mycology over the past 30 years. The collections number in excess of 29,500 and it is a working research collection used in the process of world wide research on higher fungi. Many collections are complemented by fresh notes, color transparencies and black and white negatives. Nearly 11,000 herbarium collections are now in a Microsoft Access database.
The geographical coverage includes major collections from Virginia and the Appalachian region, central Idaho and northwestern Montana. In addition, there is an Alaskan collection numbering more than 6000 with emphasis on arctic and alpine tundra fungi. Major foreign collection are from Europe, Western Australia, Republic of Korea and from The Greater Antilles, especially Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica. Additional collections are present from Canada, Japan, South Africa, and Thailand.
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Curator of Vascular Plants:
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Collection Policies
The Massey Herbarium is available to researchers and serious students of botany during regular working hours or by special arrangement. Curatorial staff will assist visitors with an introduction to the collections. Working bench space is available for short-term use and fully equipped with dissecting microscopes, lighting, and miscellaneous supplies. Loans are also available for qualified researchers associated with other institutions having suitable storage facilities and are made following accepted practices published in Brittonia 25:307-310 (1973). Loans are not made to individuals. The normal loan period is one year, though extensions may be requested from the curator. Destructive sampling is not permitted without prior written consent. All specimens borrowed are to be returned with annotation slips properly signed and dated. Specimens cited in research publications should be designated by the herbarium acronym VPI.
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